Elections in Israel are based on nationwide proportional representation. The electoral threshold is currently set at 2%, with the number of seats a party receives in the Knesset being proportional to the number of votes it receives.[1] The Knesset is elected for a four-year term, although most governments have not served a full term and early elections are a frequent occurrence. Israel has a multi-party system based on coalition governments as no party has ever won a majority of seats in a national election, although the Alignment briefly held a majority following its formation by an alliance of several different parties prior to the 1969 elections. The legal voting age for Israeli citizens is eighteen. Elections are overseen by the Central Elections Committee and are held according to the Knesset Elections Law.
Contents |
National elections for the Knesset are held once every four years, though early elections have occurred.[2] Early elections can be called by a vote of the majority of Knesset members, or by an edict of the President, and normally occur on occasions of political stalemate and inability of the government to get the parliament's support for its policy. Failure to get the annual budget bill approved by the Knesset by March 31 (3 months after the start of the fiscal year) also leads automatically to early elections.
Israel uses the closed list method of party-list proportional representation;[3] thus, citizens vote for their preferred party and not for any individual candidates. The 120 seats in the Knesset are then assigned (using the D'Hondt method) proportionally to each party that received votes, provided that the party gained votes which met or exceeded a 2% electoral threshold.[3] Parties are permitted to form electoral alliances so as to gain enough collective votes to meet the threshold (the alliance as a whole must meet the threshold, not the individual parties) and thus be allocated a seat. The low threshold makes the Israeli electoral system more favourable to minor parties than systems used in most other countries.
Any Israeli citizen over 21 may be elected to the Knesset, except holders of several high positions in the civil service and officers or career soldiers (those should resign from their post before the elections), soldiers in compulsory service, and felons who were convicted and sentenced to prison terms exceeding three months (until seven years after their prison term expired).
After an election, the President, following consultations with the elected party leaders, chooses the Knesset member most likely to form a viable coalition government. While this typically is the leader of the party receiving the most seats, it is not required to be so (the current Knesset was formed by Benjamin Netanyahu of Likud even though Kadima had won more seats). In the event a party wins 61 or more seats in an election, it can form a viable government without having to form a coalition. However, no party has ever won more than 56 seats in an election; thus, a coalition has always been required.[2] That member has up to 42 days to negotiate with the different parties, and then present his or her government to the Knesset for a vote of confidence. Once the government is approved (by a vote of at least 61 members), he or she becomes Prime Minister.
As the coalitions are highly unstable given the number and diverse views of the political parties involved, parties (or portions thereof) leaving are quite common. However, so long as the coalition has at least 61 members (and it is free to recruit from parties not originally in the coalition) it is entitled to remain in power. This is the case with the current Knesset: Ehud Barak and four other members left the Labor to form the Independence Party and continued their alignment with Likud, while the remaining eight Labor members remained with the party but left the coalition; after all the changes the Likud coalition has the minimum 61 members and such it remains in power. Once a coalition fails a motion of confidence it ceases to be in power, but has a prescribed time to form a new coalition, after which other parties can attempt to form one, before early elections must be called.
The electoral threshold for a party to be allocated a Knesset seat was only 1% until 1982; it was then raised to 1.5% and remained at that level until 1993, when the current 2% threshold was set.
In 1992, in an attempt to produce more stable governments, Israel adopted a system of direct election of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister was directly elected separately from the Knesset in 1996, 1999 and 2001. The direct election of the Prime Minister was abandoned after the 2001 election, because it failed to produce more stable governments (the 2001 elections were held less than 2 years after the previous one).
Israel's voting method is extremely simple, designed for those (such as new immigrants) with limited Hebrew literacy.
Since voters vote for a political party and not specific candidates, upon entry to a polling station the voter is given an official envelope, and shown to a voting booth.
Inside the booth is a tray of slips, one for each party, containing minimal information. The slips are printed with the "ballot letters" of the party (between one and three Hebrew letters), the full official name of the party, and sometimes a slogan in small print. Each party publicizes their letter prior to election day, with most election posters featuring them. As many political parties in Israel are known by their acronyms, several parties can spell out their name in two or three letters, and thus use their name as their ballot letters (e.g. Meretz and Hetz).
The voter chooses the relevant slip for their party, puts it in the envelope, seals it, and then places the envelope into the ballot box.
Ballot letters are the one to three letter symbol (and rarely more) that is written largely on the paper ballot to indicate the party. It is part of Israel's balloting method. Each party must register its chosen letters with the Israeli Central Elections Committee, and certain letters are reserved. If a new party wishes to use letters from an older party, it must receive permission from that party. Example of reserved letters are Mem, Het and Lamedh for Likud and Shin and Samekh for Shas.
Containing minimal information, the ballot is dominated by the "ballot letter(s)" of the party, and it also contains the party name and sometimes a slogan written underneath in small text (see the picture below). Each party publicizes their letter prior to election day, with most election posters featuring them. As many political parties in Israel are known by their acronyms, several parties can spell out their name in two or three letter, and thus use their name as their ballot letters (e.g. Meretz and Hetz). Others spell out a specific phrase on their ballot.
On election day, and upon entry to a polling station, the voter is given an official envelope, and shown to a voting booth. Inside the booth is a tray of ballot papers, one for each party. The voter chooses the relevant paper for their party, puts it in the envelope, seals it, and then places the envelope into the ballot box.
Parties use the equivalent letters in both official languages, Arabic and Hebrew; for instance Kadima use כן (Kaph-Nun) in Hebrew and كن (also Kaph-Nun) in Arabic. Because the Arabic alphabet shares a common source with the Hebrew (the Aramaic alphabet), each Hebrew letter has a perfectly corresponding Arabic one, facilitating this system. The system has the advantage of being incredibly simple to use for those with limited literacy. This is especially important in Israel where many new immigrants struggle with the language, especially reading and writing (as Hebrew uses a unique alphabet), and there are also relatively high illiteracy rates amongst the Bedouin.
The following (Hebrew) ballot letters were used in the 2009 election:
| Party | Ballot letters |
Notes | Party | Ballot letters |
Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahrayut |
|
Lehem |
|
||
| Ale Yarok |
|
First two letters of Cannabis | Lev LaOlim |
|
|
| Balad |
|
Likud |
|
||
| Brit Olam |
|
Man's Rights in the Family Party |
|
||
| Da'am |
|
New Movement-Meretz |
|
Party name | |
| Gil |
|
"Pure" | National Union |
|
|
| Green Movement-Meimad |
|
Or |
|
(The first and last letters of the party name) | |
| Green Party |
|
"Only" | Shas |
|
Party name |
| Hadash |
|
The Jewish Home |
|
||
| HaYisraelim |
|
Tzabar |
|
||
| Holocaust survivors & Ale Yarok Alumni |
|
Tzomet |
|
||
| Kadima |
|
"Yes" | United Arab List-Ta'al |
|
"People"/"Nation" |
| Koah HaKesef |
|
United Torah Judaism |
|
||
| Koah LeHashpi'a |
|
Yisrael Beiteinu |
|
L for Lieberman | |
| Labour |
|
"Truth" | Yisrael HaMithadeshet |
|
N for Nudelman |
| LaZuz |
|
Yisrael Hazaka |
|
"Alive" | |
| Leader |
|
The following (Hebrew) ballot letters were used in the 2006 election:
| Party | Ballot letters |
Notes | Party | Ballot letters |
Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ale Yarok |
|
First two letters of Cannabis | Lev LaOlim |
|
"Gold" |
| Arab National Party |
|
Leeder |
|
||
| Atid Ekhad |
|
Likud |
|
||
| Balad |
|
Meretz-Yachad |
|
Party name | |
| Brit Olam |
|
National Union-NRP |
|
"Good" (using Niqqud) | |
| Gil |
|
"Pure" | New Zionism |
|
|
| Green Party |
|
"Only" | Organization for Democratic Action |
|
|
| Hadash |
|
Oz LaAniyim |
|
||
| HaLev |
|
Shas |
|
Party name | |
| Herut – The National Movement |
|
"Hawk" | Shinui |
|
There is |
| Hetz |
|
Party name | Tafnit |
|
|
| Jewish National Front |
|
Tzomet |
|
||
| Justice for All |
|
United Arab List-Ta'al |
|
"People"/"Nation" | |
| Kadima |
|
"Yes" | United Torah Judaism |
|
|
| Labour |
|
"Truth" | Yisrael Beiteinu |
|
L for Lieberman |
| Lekhem |
|
The following ballot letters were used by historical parties or in previous elections:
| Party | Ballot letters |
Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Kach |
|
|
| Rafi |
|
|
| Mapai |
|
"A"/"One" |
| National Union |
|
| Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kadima | 758,032 | 22.47% | 28 | −1 | |||
| Likud | 729,054 | 21.61% | 27 | +15 | |||
| Yisrael Beiteinu | 394,577 | 11.70% | 15 | +4 | |||
| Labor Party | 334,900 | 9.93% | 13 | –6 | |||
| Shas | 286,300 | 8.49% | 11 | –1 | |||
| United Torah Judaism | 147,954 | 4.39% | 5 | –1 | |||
| United Arab List–Ta'al | 113,954 | 3.38% | 4 | — | |||
| National Union | 112,570 | 3.34% | 4 | [A] | |||
| Hadash | 112,130 | 3.32% | 4 | +1 | |||
| New Movement-Meretz | 99,611 | 2.95% | 3 | –2 | |||
| The Jewish Home | 96,765 | 2.87% | 3 | [B] | |||
| Balad | 83,739 | 2.48% | 3 | — | |||
| The Green Movement–Meimad | 27,737 | 0.82% | — | –1 | |||
| Gil | 17,571 | 0.52% | — | –7 | |||
| Ale Yarok | 13,132 | 0.39% | — | — | |||
| The Greens | 12,378 | 0.37% | — | — | |||
| Yisrael Hazaka | 6,722 | 0.20% | — | — | |||
| Tzabar | 4,752 | 0.14% | — | — | |||
| Koah LeHashpi'a | 3,696 | 0.11% | — | — | |||
| Da'am Workers Party | 2,645 | 0.08% | — | — | |||
| Yisrael HaMithadeshet | 2,572 | 0.08% | — | — | |||
| Holocaust Survivors and Ale Yarok Alumni | 2,346 | 0.07% | — | — | |||
| Leader | 1,887 | 0.06% | — | — | |||
| Tzomet | 1,520 | 0.05% | — | –1 | |||
| Koah HaKesef | 1,008 | 0.03% | — | — | |||
| Man's Rights in the Family Party | 921 | 0.03% | — | — | |||
| HaYisraelim | 856 | 0.03% | — | — | |||
| Or | 815 | 0.02% | — | — | |||
| Ahrayut | 802 | 0.02% | — | — | |||
| Brit Olam | 678 | 0.02% | — | — | |||
| Lev LaOlim | 632 | 0.02% | — | — | |||
| Lazuz | 623 | 0.02% | — | — | |||
| Lehem | 611 | 0.02% | — | — | |||
| Valid votes | 3,373,490 | 98.74% | |||||
| Invalid or blank votes | 43,097 | 1.26% | |||||
| Totals | 3,416,587 | 100.00% | 120 | — | |||
| Turnout | % | ||||||
| Source: Knesset Board of Elections | |||||||
|
||||||||